NEB Class 12 Health and Physical Education Question Paper 2082 (Set A) Nepal

During and after physical training, the heart rate (pulse rate) increases to pump more oxygen-rich blood to the working muscles. (Other acceptable changes: faster breathing, sweating, or rise in body temperature.)

One dimension of skill-related physical fitness is agility (the ability to change body position and direction quickly and accurately). Other acceptable answers: balance, coordination, power, reaction time or speed.

One benefit of the Solar Disinfection (SODIS) method is that it is a cheap and simple technique that uses free sunlight (UV rays and heat) to kill disease-causing germs in water without needing any chemicals or fuel.

Two ways to stay safe from kidney disease:

1. Drink enough clean water daily and reduce excess salt in the diet.
2. Control blood pressure and diabetes and avoid taking medicines without a doctor's advice (self-medication).

To reduce excess body weight, I would do regular physical exercise (such as brisk walking, running or cycling daily) to burn extra calories. (Also acceptable: eating a balanced, low-calorie diet and avoiding junk/fatty food.)

One importance of sexual health is that it helps maintain healthy, safe and respectful relationships and protects a person from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancy, supporting overall physical and mental well-being.

One negative aspect of love and romantic relationships is that emotional distraction can disturb studies and daily responsibilities, and a break-up or conflict may cause stress, depression or loss of concentration.

One importance of warm-up before sports is that it prepares the muscles and joints and helps prevent injuries (such as muscle strain or cramp) during the main activity.

Game chosen: Football. Two warm-up activities:

1. Light jogging around the field to raise body temperature and heart rate.
2. Leg and ankle stretching (such as hamstring and calf stretches) to loosen the muscles used in running and kicking.

Two types of running are short-distance (sprint) running and long-distance running. (Other acceptable types: middle-distance, relay, and hurdle running.)

Definition: Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health by creating supportive environments and adopting healthy behaviours (WHO, Ottawa Charter).

Two strategies / methods:

1. Health education and awareness: Providing information through schools, media, posters and campaigns so that people learn about healthy diet, hygiene, exercise and disease prevention, enabling informed choices.
2. Creating supportive environments and healthy public policy: Making laws and facilities that support health — e.g. clean drinking-water supply, smoke-free public places, safe playgrounds and sanitation — so that the healthy choice becomes the easy choice.

Five benefits of community health promotion:

1. Reduces disease and death: Awareness and immunization lower the spread of communicable diseases in the community.
2. Improves healthy habits: Encourages cleanliness, balanced diet and exercise, raising overall fitness.
3. Creates a clean, safe environment: Promotes sanitation, safe water and waste management.
4. Reduces health-care costs: Prevention lowers spending on treatment for individuals and the nation.
5. Increases community participation and self-reliance: People learn to identify and solve their own health problems, improving quality of life and productivity.

Five ways of reducing health effects of global warming:

1. Plant trees and protect forests – afforestation absorbs carbon dioxide and cools the environment, reducing heat-related illness.
2. Reduce use of fossil fuels – use public transport, bicycles and clean/renewable energy (solar, hydro) to cut greenhouse gases.
3. Stay protected from extreme heat – drink plenty of water, wear light clothing and avoid mid-day sun to prevent heat stroke and dehydration.
4. Control vector-borne diseases – manage water storage and use mosquito nets, since warming spreads malaria/dengue.
5. Raise awareness and reduce pollution – educate people and minimise burning of waste to lower air pollution and respiratory problems.

(OR – Reducing effects of pesticides in agriculture):

1. Use organic methods – compost, bio-pesticides and crop rotation instead of chemical pesticides.
2. Adopt Integrated Pest Management (IPM) – use natural predators and minimum chemicals.
3. Follow correct dose and safety rules – use only recommended amounts and wear protective masks/gloves while spraying.
4. Wash and clean produce – wash fruits and vegetables well before eating to remove residue.
5. Maintain the waiting (pre-harvest) period – do not harvest immediately after spraying so residues break down.

The first aid given to a closed (enclosed) fracture of the wrist can be evaluated on the following five bases:

1. Reassurance and rest: Was the injured friend calmed, kept still and stopped from moving the broken wrist?
2. Proper immobilisation/splinting: Was the wrist supported with a splint and the arm placed in a sling so the bone could not move?
3. Avoiding further harm: Was the broken part handled gently without trying to straighten the bone or apply unnecessary pressure?
4. Control of swelling and pain: Was a cold compress/support applied and the limb kept slightly raised to reduce swelling?
5. Timely referral: Was the friend safely and quickly taken to a hospital/health centre for proper medical treatment (X-ray and setting)?

Two main skills of Kabaddi:

1. Raiding (offensive) skills (2.5): The raider enters the opponent's court in one breath while continuously chanting "kabaddi". Key raiding skills include the hand touch, toe touch, kick and dive, used to touch opponents and return safely across the mid-line to score points. Good speed, timing and breath control are essential.
2. Defending / holding (defensive) skills (2.5): Defenders try to catch and hold the raider before he crosses back. Main defensive skills are the ankle hold, thigh hold, waist hold and the chain/dash, where defenders cooperate to block and tackle the raider so he cannot return.

Game chosen: Volleyball. Four lead-up games that help develop volleyball skills:

1. Throw and catch over the net: Players throw and catch the ball across the net, developing court sense and net play.
2. Circle pass/volley: Players stand in a circle and keep the ball up using underhand and overhand passes, building passing and setting skills.
3. Balloon/light-ball volley: Using a balloon or soft ball to practise volleying without fear of injury, improving timing and body position.
4. Newcomb ball (catch-and-throw game): A simplified game where the ball is caught and thrown over the net instead of volleyed, teaching rotation, positioning and team play before the full game.

Layout of a single-lane 200 m track (described, with measurements):

A simple 200 m track has two straights and two semicircular curves.

• Total length of one lap (inner running line) = 200 m.
• Take each straight = 40 m and the two semicircular curves together = 120 m (i.e. each semicircle = 60 m).
• Radius of each curve, from $C = 2\pi r$ for the two semicircles forming a circle of circumference 120 m: $r = \dfrac{120}{2\pi} \approx 19.1\text{ m}$.
• Lane width = 1.22 m, marked with white lines.
• A starting line and a finishing line are drawn; for a single-lane track they may coincide, with the start staggered so that exactly 200 m is run.

Diagram (in words): Draw two parallel straight lines 40 m long, join their ends with two semicircular arcs of radius ≈19.1 m to form an oval; mark the 1.22 m lane width and label the start/finish line.

(OR – Javelin throw field):

• A runway of length at least 30 m (usually 30–36.5 m) and width 4 m, marked by two parallel white lines.
• At the throwing end, a throwing arc is drawn — an arc of a circle of radius 8 m, painted 7 cm wide, from behind which the javelin must be thrown.
• The throwing/landing sector spreads out from the centre of the arc at an angle of about 29°.
• A throw is valid only if the metal tip lands first inside this sector and the thrower stays behind the arc.

Diagram (in words): Draw a 4 m-wide, ~30 m-long runway leading to an 8 m-radius arc; from the centre of the arc draw two lines opening at 29° to mark the landing sector.

Importance of sports management for conducting an effective tournament (five points):

1. Proper planning and scheduling: Management prepares fixtures, time-tables and budgets in advance, so events run smoothly and on time.
2. Efficient use of resources: It arranges grounds, equipment, finance and human resources (officials, volunteers) economically, avoiding wastage.
3. Smooth and fair conduct: Good management appoints trained officials and referees, ensuring rules are followed and the competition is fair.
4. Safety and crowd control: It manages first aid, security and spectator arrangements, preventing accidents and disorder.
5. Achieving objectives and good reputation: Effective management ensures the tournament meets its goals (participation, sportsmanship, entertainment), satisfies players and audiences, and builds the organiser's good name for future events.

Physical fitness

Physical fitness is the ability of a person to carry out daily tasks and physical activities efficiently, without undue fatigue, while still having enough energy in reserve to enjoy leisure and meet emergencies. It includes both health-related components (strength, endurance, flexibility, body composition) and skill-related components.

Four changes in the cardiovascular system during and after exercise

1. Increase in heart rate: During exercise the heart beats faster to supply more oxygen to the muscles. Example: a resting pulse of about 72 beats/min may rise to 150–180 beats/min while running.
2. Increase in cardiac output / stroke volume: The heart pumps a larger volume of blood per beat and per minute to meet the body's demand. Example: cardiac output can rise several times above the resting level during hard exercise.
3. Rise in blood pressure (especially systolic): As the heart pumps harder, systolic blood pressure increases to push blood to the working muscles. Example: systolic pressure may rise from ~120 mmHg at rest to 150–180 mmHg during intense activity.
4. Redistribution of blood flow: Blood vessels to the muscles widen (vasodilation) while flow to organs like the stomach reduces, so more oxygenated blood reaches active muscles. Example: during a sprint, blood is diverted from the digestive organs to the leg muscles.

After exercise (recovery): the heart rate, cardiac output and blood pressure gradually return to normal resting levels as the body cools down. Example: a few minutes after stopping a run, the pulse slowly comes back to about 72 beats/min.

Measures to address the rising prevalence of heart disease

Heart (cardiovascular) diseases are increasing due to unhealthy lifestyle, stress, smoking and poor diet. Four appropriate measures are:

1. Adopt a healthy, balanced diet: Reduce salt, sugar and saturated/fatty foods and eat more fruits, vegetables and whole grains to control cholesterol and blood pressure. Example: replacing fried snacks and red meat with fruits, salads and pulses.
2. Do regular physical exercise: At least 30 minutes of moderate activity on most days strengthens the heart and controls weight. Example: daily brisk walking, jogging or cycling for half an hour.
3. Avoid smoking, alcohol and tobacco: These damage blood vessels and raise blood pressure, so quitting them protects the heart. Example: refusing cigarettes and limiting/avoiding alcohol.
4. Manage stress and have regular check-ups: Practising relaxation, adequate sleep and yoga/meditation lowers stress, and periodic screening of blood pressure, sugar and cholesterol allows early treatment. Example: doing daily meditation/yoga and getting an annual heart and blood-pressure check.

Conclusion: A healthy lifestyle combined with regular monitoring greatly reduces the risk and prevalence of heart disease.

Making health services adolescent-friendly

Many adolescent girls hesitate to use health services because the services are not suited to their needs. As a responsible adolescent, I suggest the following four measures:

1. Provide privacy and confidentiality: Counselling and check-ups should be done in a private space and information kept secret, so girls feel safe to share their problems. Example: a separate counselling room where personal details are not disclosed to others.
2. Train friendly and non-judgemental staff: Health workers should be polite, trained in adolescent issues and should not scold or embarrass the young clients. Example: a trained female health worker who listens patiently to a girl's menstrual or reproductive-health questions.
3. Ensure availability of female staff and appropriate services: Provide female nurses/doctors and services like menstrual-hygiene support, counselling and immunisation suited to adolescents. Example: a female nurse available for examining and advising adolescent girls.
4. Make services accessible and informative: Keep services free or low-cost, at convenient times, and run awareness programmes in schools so girls know where and how to get help. Example: school health camps and posters that tell girls about nearby adolescent-friendly health centres.

Conclusion: Privacy, friendly trained staff, suitable services and easy access together make health institutions truly adolescent-friendly.

(OR – Social and legal hurdles for adolescent boys who commit sexual harassment):

1. Legal punishment under the law: Sexual harassment is a crime in Nepal; the boys can face police complaints, fines and even imprisonment under laws protecting against sexual offences. Example: a case filed at the police/court leading to legal action.
2. School disciplinary action: The school may suspend or expel them and record the offence, harming their education. Example: being rusticated and losing the school year.
3. Social stigma and loss of reputation: Family and community lose respect for them and they may be socially boycotted or shamed. Example: neighbours and relatives avoiding the family.
4. Psychological and future hurdles: They may suffer guilt, isolation and difficulty in future jobs/relationships because of the criminal record and damaged character. Example: rejection in future employment or friendships due to past misconduct.

Conclusion: Sexual harassment brings serious legal, educational, social and personal consequences, so adolescents must respect and protect their peers.