NEB Class 11 Education Health and Physical Education Question Paper 2078 Nepal

Physical fitness is the ability of the body to carry out daily activities efficiently without undue fatigue and with enough energy left to enjoy leisure and meet emergencies.

Stand erect with feet together, join both palms in front of the chest (Pranamasana / prayer position) and breathe normally while keeping the body relaxed.

1. Weakness and fatigue due to lack of energy. 2. Loss of body weight (and ketosis), as the body breaks down fat and protein for energy.

Our lifestyle should be healthy because it helps prevent diseases, keeps the body and mind fit, and ensures a long and productive life.

Use clean sanitary pads and change them regularly (every 4-6 hours) while maintaining proper genital hygiene.

The South Asian Sports Federation (SASF) was established in 1983 AD.

1. They promote international friendship, goodwill and peace among nations. 2. They help develop and showcase players' skills and raise the country's prestige.

Local games help preserve traditional culture and identity while providing recreation and physical exercise to the community.

Dandi Biyo is a local game; its feature is that it is played with a long stick (dandi) and a small wooden peg (biyo), requiring hand-eye coordination and accuracy.

Organize regular local tournaments and competitions at community and school level to encourage participation and raise awareness of the local game.

Health and physical education is essential in human life for the following reasons:

1. Maintaining physical fitness - regular exercise and games keep the body strong, e.g. daily morning exercise prevents obesity.
2. Disease prevention - knowledge of hygiene, nutrition and sanitation helps prevent communicable and lifestyle diseases.
3. Mental well-being - physical activity reduces stress and improves concentration, e.g. yoga and meditation calm the mind.
4. Social development - team games teach cooperation, leadership and discipline, e.g. playing football builds teamwork.
5. Healthy habits and lifestyle - it teaches balanced diet, rest and avoidance of harmful substances, ensuring a long and productive life.

Arguments on the effectiveness of Nepal's vaccination program:

1. Eradication and control of diseases - Nepal was declared polio-free (2014) and has controlled smallpox, measles and rubella through immunization.
2. Reduced child mortality - the National Immunization Program protects children against tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, etc., lowering infant and child death rates.
3. Wide coverage - free vaccines provided through health posts and outreach clinics have reached even remote rural areas.
4. COVID-19 response - mass vaccination campaigns helped reduce severe illness and deaths during the pandemic.
5. Cost-effective public health - prevention through vaccines is far cheaper than treating outbreaks, strengthening overall public health.

However, challenges such as geographic access, vaccine hesitancy and cold-chain maintenance still affect full effectiveness.

Five preventive suggestions to prevent pneumonia:

1. Get vaccinated (pneumococcal and influenza vaccines).
2. Wash hands frequently with soap and maintain personal hygiene.
3. Keep the body warm and avoid sudden exposure to cold and damp environments.
4. Avoid smoking and exposure to indoor air pollution/smoke.
5. Eat a balanced, nutritious diet to build immunity and seek prompt treatment for coughs and colds.

Five long-term effects of drug misuse:

1. Organ damage - chronic damage to the liver, kidneys, heart and lungs.
2. Mental health disorders - depression, anxiety, psychosis and memory loss.
3. Addiction and dependence - physical and psychological dependence that is hard to overcome.
4. Social and economic decline - loss of job, family breakdown, poverty and crime.
5. Increased disease risk - higher risk of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis from sharing needles, and premature death.

OR (roles as a health education provider in controlling drug addiction):

1. Raise awareness about the harmful effects of drugs through campaigns and counselling.
2. Educate peers, families and the community on prevention and refusal skills.
3. Identify at-risk individuals and refer them to rehabilitation/treatment centres.
4. Promote healthy alternatives such as sports, hobbies and recreation.
5. Coordinate with schools, parents and authorities to create a drug-free environment.

Anxiety is mainly an emotional response to perceived threat; neurosis is a broader category of mild mental disorders involving distress without loss of contact with reality; depression is a mood disorder marked by deep and lasting sadness and loss of interest.

In the FIFA World Cup Football final tournament, 32 teams competed (from 1998 to 2022); from 2026 the number expands to 48 teams.

Selection: The host nation qualifies automatically. The remaining teams qualify through continental qualifying rounds organised by the six confederations (UEFA, CONMEBOL, CONCACAF, CAF, AFC and OFC), where national teams play home-and-away matches over a period of about two to three years, and the top teams of each confederation (plus inter-confederation play-offs) earn the remaining berths.

OR (Presidential Running Shield Competition):

1. Prepare a clear schedule, fixtures and rules in advance.
2. Provide adequate playgrounds, equipment and trained officials/referees.
3. Ensure proper funding, prizes and sponsorship.
4. Encourage maximum participation of schools and students.
5. Maintain fairness, discipline and proper records, and publicise results to motivate players.

The ancient Olympic Games originated in Olympia, Greece, and the first recorded games were held in 776 BC. They were organised every four years (an interval called an Olympiad) in honour of the Greek god Zeus. Initially only a foot race (stadion) was held, but later events such as wrestling, boxing, chariot racing, discus, javelin and the pentathlon were added. Only free-born Greek men could participate, women were barred, and winners were awarded an olive wreath as a symbol of honour. The ancient games continued for nearly twelve centuries until they were banned in 393 AD by Roman Emperor Theodosius I.

For 13 teams in a knock-out (single elimination) fixture:

• Next higher power of 2 above 13 = 16, so number of byes = 16 - 13 = 3.
• Total matches = 13 - 1 = 12.
• Number of rounds = 4.
• Byes are distributed: first half gets the upper byes, second half gets the lower byes. With 3 byes, place 2 byes in the lower half and 1 in the upper half (or distribute as 1 upper + 2 lower).

Distribution of teams:

• Upper half: teams in first round play, with 1 bye.
• Lower half: teams in first round play, with 2 byes.

Tie sheet (single elimination, 13 teams, 3 byes):

• Round 1: 5 matches played among 10 teams; 3 teams receive byes (16 - 13 = 3) and advance directly.
• After Round 1: 5 winners + 3 byes = 8 teams.
• Quarter-final (Round 2): 4 matches -> 4 winners.
• Semi-final (Round 3): 2 matches -> 2 winners.
• Final (Round 4): 1 match -> Champion.

(The actual drawn bracket places byes against the highest-seeded teams so that 8 teams enter the quarter-finals.)

Physical activities are essential for a healthier and longer life. Their need and importance include:

1. Improves cardiovascular health - regular activity strengthens the heart and improves blood circulation, reducing the risk of heart disease and high blood pressure.
2. Controls body weight - exercise burns calories and prevents obesity and related diseases such as diabetes.
3. Strengthens muscles and bones - activity increases muscular strength, bone density and joint flexibility.
4. Enhances immunity - active people have stronger immune systems and resist infections better.
5. Improves mental health - physical activity releases endorphins that reduce stress, anxiety and depression and improve sleep.
6. Boosts energy and stamina - improves endurance and the efficiency of body systems for daily work.
7. Prevents lifestyle diseases - reduces the risk of diabetes, hypertension, obesity and certain cancers.
8. Increases longevity - an active lifestyle slows ageing, maintains overall fitness and helps people live longer, more independent lives.

Thus, regular physical activity is a key factor for a disease-free, energetic and long life.

Eight ways to follow a healthy lifestyle:

1. Balanced diet - eat nutritious food rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals and fibre, and avoid junk and oily food.
2. Regular exercise - do daily physical activity such as walking, jogging, yoga or sports for at least 30 minutes.
3. Adequate sleep - take 7-8 hours of sound sleep to allow the body to rest and recover.
4. Personal hygiene - maintain cleanliness by regular bathing, brushing teeth and hand washing.
5. Drink enough water - stay hydrated by drinking plenty of clean, safe water.
6. Avoid harmful substances - stay away from tobacco, alcohol and drugs.
7. Manage stress - practise meditation, recreation and positive thinking to keep the mind calm.
8. Regular health check-ups - have periodic medical examinations and timely treatment of illness.

Functions of male reproductive organs:

1. Testes - produce sperm (spermatozoa) and the male hormone testosterone.
2. Scrotum - a sac that holds the testes and maintains the temperature suitable for sperm production.
3. Epididymis - stores and matures sperm.
4. Vas deferens (sperm duct) - carries mature sperm from the epididymis towards the urethra.
5. Seminal vesicles - secrete a nutritive fluid that nourishes and activates sperm.
6. Prostate gland - secretes a fluid that forms part of semen and helps sperm motility.
7. Urethra - carries semen and urine out of the body through the penis.
8. Penis - the organ that deposits semen into the female reproductive tract during reproduction.

(A labelled diagram should show the testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, urethra and penis.)

OR (sexual and reproductive health status of Nepali women):

1. Improvements - maternal mortality has declined significantly due to safe-motherhood programs, skilled birth attendance and free maternity (Aama) services; antenatal and institutional delivery rates have risen.
2. Family planning - access to contraceptives and awareness has improved, though unmet need remains.
3. Challenges - early marriage and teenage pregnancy, uterine prolapse, anaemia and malnutrition among women.
4. Social barriers - menstrual taboos (e.g. Chhaupadi), gender discrimination and limited decision-making power.
5. Access gaps - rural and poor women still have limited access to quality reproductive health services and information.
6. Conclusion - while Nepal has made notable progress, continued investment in awareness, services and women's empowerment is needed to achieve full reproductive health equity.