NEB Class 12 Health and Physical Education Question Paper 2077 Nepal

Primary Health Care (PHC) — meaning: Essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community at an affordable cost, through their full participation (Alma-Ata 1978).

Elements (8 elements): health education; nutrition/food supply; safe water and sanitation; maternal and child health including family planning; immunisation; prevention and control of local endemic diseases; appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries; and provision of essential drugs.

Principles: equitable distribution/accessibility; community participation; inter-sectoral coordination; use of appropriate technology; and focus on prevention/promotion.

Or — Group discussion method: Teach by forming small groups, posing a health topic/problem, encouraging all members to share views under a facilitator, then summarising conclusions. Role play — advantages: active involvement, develops empathy and real-life skills, memorable, encourages participation. Disadvantages: time-consuming, may stray off-topic, shy students hesitate, needs preparation, and can oversimplify or misrepresent if not guided.

Long-term effects of smoking: lung cancer and other cancers (mouth, throat); chronic bronchitis and emphysema (COPD); heart disease and high blood pressure; stroke; reduced lung function and stamina; harm to the unborn child in pregnant women; and premature death/reduced life expectancy.

Causes of smoking: peer pressure and imitation; curiosity and experimentation; stress/anxiety relief; influence of advertising and films; family members who smoke; easy availability; and addiction to nicotine.

WHO: The World Health Organization is a specialised agency of the United Nations, established in 1948, headquartered in Geneva, responsible for international public health and directing/coordinating health work worldwide.

Functions: acting as the directing and coordinating authority on global health; setting health standards and guidelines; combating diseases (immunisation, eradication programmes, epidemic control); providing technical assistance and emergency response; promoting research, training and health information; supporting member countries' health systems; and promoting maternal/child health and nutrition.

Need of health education in Nepal: to raise awareness about hygiene, sanitation and clean drinking water; to prevent communicable and non-communicable diseases; to reduce maternal and infant mortality through reproductive and child health knowledge; to control malnutrition; to promote family planning; to combat misconceptions and harmful traditional practices; to encourage healthy lifestyles (against smoking, alcohol, drugs); and to support the goals of primary health care given low literacy and limited health services in rural areas.

(क) Family Planning: The practice of controlling the number and spacing of children through contraceptive methods, education and counselling, enabling couples to decide the timing and number of births for better maternal and child health and family welfare.

(ख) Need of Health Education: It creates awareness of healthy habits, prevents disease, promotes hygiene and sanitation, improves nutrition and reproductive health, and changes harmful behaviours — essential for individual and community well-being.

(ग) Incidental instruction: Teaching that occurs spontaneously, taking advantage of unplanned situations or events as they arise (rather than a pre-planned lesson) to impart health knowledge at a teachable moment.