NEB Class 12 Humanities Population Education/Studies Question Paper 2077 Nepal

High fertility — causes: early marriage; preference for sons; low use of contraception/family planning; illiteracy and poverty; religious/cultural values; high infant mortality leading to more births. Consequences: rapid population growth; pressure on resources/services (food, health, education); unemployment; environmental degradation; lower per-capita income.

Declining mortality — causes: improved health services and immunisation; better nutrition and sanitation; control of epidemics; medical advances; awareness/education. Consequences: rising life expectancy; increasing total population; changing age structure (more elderly over time); higher dependency in some age groups.

(Support with census data such as falling crude death rate and total fertility rate over recent decades in Nepal.)

Total workers $N=90$. Mid-values $x=70,90,110,130,150,170$.

Mean: $\sum fx=70(15)+90(20)+110(25)+130(15)+150(10)+170(5)=1050+1800+2750+1950+1500+850=9900$. Mean $=9900/90=110$.

Median: $N/2=45$; cumulative freq: 15,35,60,... so median class is 100–120. Median $=100+\dfrac{45-35}{25}\times20=100+\dfrac{10}{25}(20)=100+8=108$.

Mode: modal class 100–120 ($f=25$, $f_1=20$, $f_2=15$). Mode $=100+\dfrac{25-20}{(25-20)+(25-15)}\times20=100+\dfrac{5}{15}(20)=100+6.67=106.67$.

Standard deviation: using $d=(x-110)/20$ → $d=-2,-1,0,1,2,3$; $\sum fd=15(-2)+20(-1)+0+15(1)+10(2)+5(3)=-30-20+0+15+20+15=0$; $\sum fd^2=15(4)+20(1)+0+15(1)+10(4)+5(9)=60+20+0+15+40+45=180$. $\sigma=20\sqrt{\dfrac{180}{90}-0}=20\sqrt{2}\approx 28.28$.

Population policy is a set of deliberate measures, programmes and goals adopted by a government to influence the size, growth, composition and distribution of its population for national development.

Characteristics of Nepal's population policy: aims to reduce population growth rate and total fertility; promotes family planning and reproductive health; addresses migration and urbanisation management; integrates population with development planning; emphasises women's empowerment, education and health; manages the demographic dividend and ageing; and promotes balanced regional distribution.

Family life cycle refers to the series of predictable stages a family passes through over time, from its formation to dissolution, each with its own roles, tasks and challenges.

Stages: (1) formation/marriage (newly married couple); (2) expanding/child-bearing (birth of children); (3) child-rearing; (4) family with adolescents; (5) launching (children leaving home); (6) middle-age/empty nest; (7) ageing/retirement.

Examples (any two): In the child-bearing stage, the couple adjusts to parenthood, with new responsibilities for the infant's care and increased expenses. In the launching stage, grown children leave home for study/work/marriage, and the parents adjust to reduced household size and changing roles.

Challenges/issues of adolescents: rapid physical and hormonal changes; emotional instability and identity confusion; peer pressure; risk of substance abuse, smoking and alcohol; reproductive/sexual health issues and risk of early sexual activity; academic stress; conflict with parents; misuse of social media; and lack of guidance.

Ways to manage: sex and life-skills education; counselling and guidance services; supportive family communication; adolescent-friendly health services; awareness programmes against substance abuse; constructive use of leisure (sports, hobbies); peer education; and a safe, non-judgemental environment at home and school.

Steps in writing a research report: (1) selecting the topic/problem and setting objectives; (2) reviewing related literature; (3) formulating hypotheses/research questions; (4) designing the methodology (sampling, tools, data collection methods); (5) collecting data (primary/secondary); (6) processing, tabulating and analysing data; (7) interpreting findings; (8) drawing conclusions and giving recommendations; (9) writing the report in proper structure (title page, introduction, methodology, analysis/findings, conclusion, references, appendices).

(क) Quality of life: The overall well-being of individuals and society, measured not only by income but by health, education, life expectancy, nutrition, housing, a clean environment, security, and access to basic services and opportunities. Improving quality of life is a key goal of population and development programmes.

(ख) Need of sex education: It gives correct, age-appropriate information about reproductive and sexual health; prevents misconceptions, unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections; helps adolescents make responsible decisions; reduces sexual abuse and exploitation; promotes gender equality and respect; and supports overall reproductive health and family welfare.