NEB Class 11 Humanities Population Studies Question Paper 2078 Nepal

Any two of: Demography, Sociology, Geography, Economics, Statistics, Biology, Anthropology, Public Health.

Geographical and climatic conditions: the Terai region has fertile plains, favourable climate, better infrastructure and economic opportunities, attracting dense settlement, whereas the rugged terrain and harsh climate of the Mountain region discourage settlement, resulting in sparse population.

The legal minimum age of marriage in Nepal is 20 years for both girls and boys (with or without consent of guardians), as per the National Civil Code, 2074.

According to WHO, death is the permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at any time after live birth has taken place (postnatal cessation of vital functions without the capability of resuscitation).

Balanced and nutritious food strengthens immunity and prevents malnutrition-related and lifestyle diseases, thereby lowering the death rate; conversely, poor diet and malnutrition (or unhealthy eating habits) weaken the body, increase disease susceptibility, and raise mortality. Hence proper fooding style and nutrition directly reduce the death rate.

Any two of: (1) Acquire skills/education within the country and use them to contribute to national development instead of going abroad; (2) Raise awareness among peers about opportunities and the importance of serving the nation; (3) Support and engage in local entrepreneurship/start-ups to create employment.

Any two of: (1) Avoid the company of friends who use drugs and choose good company; (2) Engage in sports, hobbies and constructive activities to use time positively; (3) Share problems with parents/teachers and seek counselling rather than turning to drugs.

Population doubling time $= \frac{70}{r}$ (or $\frac{\ln 2}{r} = \frac{0.693}{r}$), where $r$ is the annual population growth rate expressed in percent.

Project work is based on practical/first-hand investigation: the student collects, analyses and presents real data on a chosen topic, learning by doing rather than only from books.

Title: "A Study of Population Distribution in My Ward/Village." Objective: To find out the size and age-sex composition of the population of the selected ward.

Introduction: Population studies is the scientific study of human populations — their size, composition, distribution and the dynamic processes of fertility, mortality and migration that change them over time, along with their causes and consequences.

Three objectives: (1) To understand the size, growth and structure of population; (2) To analyse the determinants and consequences of fertility, mortality and migration; (3) To provide information for population-related planning and policy.

(OR) Five importances: (1) Helps in development planning; (2) Useful for resource management and allocation; (3) Aids in formulating population policy; (4) Helps in employment and education planning; (5) Useful for health, food and infrastructure projection.

Justification: Marriage at an appropriate (mature) age allows a person to complete education, achieve physical and mental maturity, become economically self-reliant, gain awareness of family responsibilities and reproductive health, and plan family size — thus providing adequate time and capacity to prepare for a stable future life. Early marriage, in contrast, interrupts education, harms health and reduces preparedness.

(OR) Two determinants of marriage before 20: poverty/economic hardship, illiteracy and traditional/social customs (e.g. dowry, gender bias). Three prevention steps: (1) raise awareness and education on the harms of child marriage; (2) strict enforcement of the legal minimum marriage age (20 years); (3) ensure girls' education, economic empowerment and incentives to keep girls in school.

Any five of: (1) Eating balanced and nutritious food; (2) Maintaining personal and environmental hygiene/sanitation; (3) Doing regular physical exercise and ensuring adequate rest/sleep; (4) Drinking clean (boiled/filtered) water and avoiding junk food; (5) Getting vaccinated and going for regular health check-ups; (6) Avoiding alcohol, smoking and drugs.

Any five of: (1) High rate of out-migration / foreign labour migration and brain drain; (2) Rapid and unplanned urbanization with internal migration to Terai and cities; (3) Unequal/uneven distribution of population across geographical regions; (4) Increasing ageing population and care of senior citizens; (5) Unemployment and poverty; (6) Pressure on resources, environment and public services; (7) Reproductive health and adolescent issues.

Any five of: (1) Raising awareness in the community about family planning and small family norms; (2) Educating peers on reproductive health and the harms of early/child marriage; (3) Promoting girls' education and gender equality; (4) Discouraging unnecessary migration and brain drain by encouraging local opportunities; (5) Participating in health, sanitation and population-awareness campaigns; (6) Setting a personal example by adopting healthy and responsible behaviour.

Steps for writing a project report: (1) Selection of the topic/title and statement of objectives; (2) Preparation of the work plan and review of related material; (3) Collection of data (field survey, observation, interview, secondary sources); (4) Processing, tabulation and analysis of the collected data; (5) Interpretation of results and drawing of findings/conclusions; (6) Writing the report in proper format (title page, introduction, methodology, analysis, findings, conclusion, references/appendix) and final presentation/submission.

Four roles of local government to control uncontrolled migration: (1) Create local employment and income opportunities through small industries, cooperatives, agriculture and tourism so people need not migrate; (2) Develop basic infrastructure and services locally — roads, electricity, drinking water, schools and health posts — to make the home region livable; (3) Provide skill-development training, agricultural support and subsidies/loans to encourage self-employment in the place of origin; (4) Run awareness programmes and implement local development plans/policies that promote balanced regional development and discourage unnecessary out-migration.

Opinion on inter-generational participation: With the rise of nuclear families and out-migration of the young, many elderly people are left without care, facing loneliness, health problems and economic insecurity. Inter-generational participation — active involvement of children, youth and adults together with the elderly — can address this. Younger members should give time, emotional support and respect; provide for health and daily needs; and learn experience and values from elders, while elders contribute guidance, child-care and knowledge. Families should keep elders involved in household decisions; communities and local government should run day-care centres, old-age support programmes and intergenerational activities; and the state should ensure social-security allowances and health services. Such shared responsibility between generations keeps senior citizens dignified, healthy and socially active, and reduces the problem caused by nuclear-family living.

Roles and responsibilities of an adolescent for social development: An adolescent can act as an agent of positive change by (1) acquiring good education and skills and using them for community benefit; (2) raising awareness on health, sanitation, family planning and education; (3) participating in social, cultural and developmental activities and volunteering; (4) fighting against social evils such as child marriage, drug addiction, gender discrimination and superstition; (5) promoting cooperation, tolerance and good citizenship; and (6) setting a personal example through disciplined, responsible behaviour. By fulfilling these responsibilities, adolescents contribute to building a healthy, educated and progressive society.

(OR) Sample letter outline to a sister entering adolescence — greet her affectionately, explain the physical changes (growth, body changes, menstruation), emotional/mental changes (mood swings, attraction, peer influence), the problems she may face (confusion, peer pressure, health and hygiene issues), and ways to manage them (maintain hygiene and nutrition, share feelings with parents/elders, choose good company, focus on studies, avoid bad habits, seek correct information). Close with encouragement and good wishes.