NEB Class 12 Management Travel and Tourism Question Paper 2077 Nepal

In tourism, a service is an intangible, perishable activity or benefit (such as transport, accommodation, guiding, hospitality) provided to satisfy the needs of tourists; it is produced and consumed simultaneously and cannot be stored.

• MCO: Miscellaneous Charges Order
• PNR: Passenger Name Record
• TTL: Ticketing Time Limit
• GMT: Greenwich Mean Time

Informal information (informal communication) is unofficial information that flows through casual, personal channels (the 'grapevine') — word of mouth, rumours and social contacts — rather than through official, structured channels.

A single supplement is the extra charge added to the per-person tour/hotel price when a traveller occupies a room alone (single occupancy) instead of sharing it, to compensate for the unused second bed/share.

A 'no-show' is a guest who has a confirmed (or guaranteed) reservation but neither arrives/checks in nor cancels it within the agreed time. The hotel/airline may charge a no-show/cancellation fee.

Itinerary: A detailed, day-by-day plan or schedule of a trip showing the route, destinations, dates/times, activities, transport, accommodation and meals arranged for a traveller.

Features: chronological/sequential order; clear dates, times and places; details of transport and accommodation; planned sightseeing/activities; flexibility for changes; practicality and feasibility; inclusion of contact and emergency information; and balance between travel and rest.

Tourism distribution channel members link the producer (principals) with the tourist:

1. Principals/suppliers (airlines, hotels, transport, attractions) — produce and provide the actual tourism services.
2. Tour operators/wholesalers — assemble individual services into packages and sell them in bulk (often to travel agents).
3. Travel agents (retailers) — sell tourism products/packages directly to consumers, advise, book and issue tickets, earning commission.
4. Specialty intermediaries/representatives — handle niche or specific functions (incentive houses, hotel reps, DMCs).

Their roles: bridging the gap between supplier and tourist, providing information and advice, reservation/booking, distribution and promotion, and offering convenience to travellers.

Passport: An official travel document issued by a government certifying the identity and nationality of its holder, required for international travel.

Five types of passport: (1) Ordinary/regular passport — for ordinary citizens for travel, business or tourism; (2) Official/service passport — for government officials travelling on official duty; (3) Diplomatic passport — for diplomats and certain high officials, with diplomatic privileges; (4) Emergency/temporary travel document — issued in urgent cases when a regular passport is lost or unavailable; (5) Collective/group passport — issued to a group travelling together (e.g. students). (Also family passport in some countries.)

Airfare: The price (fare) charged by an airline to a passenger for carriage between two points, including applicable taxes and conditions.

Types of airfare:

1. Normal/full fare — unrestricted, fully flexible (refundable, changeable), valid up to one year.
2. Special/promotional fares — discounted fares with restrictions (advance purchase, minimum/maximum stay, non-refundable).
3. Excursion fare — round-trip discounted fare with conditions on stay.
4. Group fare — discounted fare for a minimum number of passengers travelling together.
5. APEX fare (Advance Purchase Excursion) — must be booked/paid well in advance.
6. Concessional fares — for specific categories (infants, children, students, seamen, etc.).
7. Class-based fares — first, business, economy.
8. PEX/Super-PEX, joint/through fares — point-to-point or combined-carrier fares.

Tourism marketing: The process of identifying tourists' needs and wants and satisfying them profitably by planning, promoting and delivering tourism products and services to target markets.

Tourism marketing mix (7 Ps):

1. Product — the tourism offering (destination, package, attractions, services).
2. Price — the cost/fare charged, including discounts and seasonal pricing.
3. Place — distribution channels and how the product reaches tourists (agents, online).
4. Promotion — advertising, sales promotion, PR, personal selling to attract tourists.
5. People — staff and host community who deliver the service.
6. Process — the systems and procedures of delivering the service (booking, check-in).
7. Physical evidence — tangible cues (brochures, facilities, ambience) that signal quality.