NEB Class 11 none Home Science Question Paper 2078 Nepal

Any two disciplines (branches) of Home Science:

1. Food and Nutrition – the study of food, its nutrients and their role in maintaining health.
2. Human Development / Child Development – the study of growth and development of individuals across the life span.

(Other acceptable disciplines include Clothing and Textiles, Home Management, and Family Resource Management.)

A balanced diet is a diet that contains all the essential nutrients—carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water and dietary fibre—in the right proportions required by the body to maintain good health, normal growth and proper functioning.

Any two importances of food and nutrition in human health:

1. They provide energy for daily activities and body functions.
2. They support growth, repair and maintenance of body tissues and strengthen immunity to protect against diseases.

Wage employment: a person works for an employer (an organization or individual) and earns a fixed salary or wage, e.g. working as a dietician, tailor or caretaker in an institution.

Self employment: a person runs his/her own business or work and earns income from it, e.g. running one's own tailoring shop, catering service or day-care centre.

One traditional process of food preservation is sun drying (e.g. drying vegetables, fish or meat in sunlight to remove moisture and prevent spoilage). Other acceptable answers: salting, fermentation, smoking or pickling.

Exclusive breast feeding means feeding an infant only mother's breast milk for the first six months of life, without giving any other food or drink—not even water—except oral rehydration solution or prescribed medicines/vitamins.

Home management is the process of planning, organizing, controlling and using the available resources (time, money, energy and materials) of a family in the best possible way to achieve the goals and satisfaction of family members.

Any two sources of family income:

1. Money income – salary, wages, profit from business or rent received in cash.
2. Real income / income in kind – goods and services obtained without direct cash payment, such as home-grown vegetables or free housing.

Any two characteristics of a good home:

1. It is clean, healthy and well-ventilated with adequate light and air.
2. It provides a safe, peaceful and loving environment where members feel comfortable and secure.

Any two control measures of household pests:

1. Keep the house and kitchen clean and free of food scraps, and store food in covered containers to deny pests food and shelter.
2. Use appropriate pesticides/insecticides or traps and seal cracks and holes to block entry and breeding places.

Biogas is one of the best alternative sources of energy because it is produced from renewable organic waste (animal dung and kitchen/agricultural waste); it is cheap, eco-friendly and reduces dependence on firewood and fossil fuels, while the leftover slurry also serves as good organic manure.

Importance of a balanced diet for a healthy life:

1. Provides adequate energy for daily physical and mental work.
2. Supports proper growth and development, especially in children and adolescents.
3. Helps in repair and maintenance of body tissues.
4. Strengthens immunity and protects against deficiency diseases (e.g. anaemia, goitre).
5. Maintains ideal body weight and overall physical and mental well-being.

OR – Two methods of food preservation:

1. Drying/Dehydration: removing moisture from food (sun drying or hot-air drying) so micro-organisms cannot grow, e.g. dried vegetables, fish, fruits.
2. Canning/Bottling: heating food and sealing it in airtight tins or bottles to destroy spoilage organisms and prevent recontamination, e.g. canned fruits, jams. (Other methods: refrigeration/freezing, salting, sugaring, pickling, fermentation.)

Ways to maintain health and hygiene during menstruation:

1. Use clean, soft and absorbent sanitary pads or clean cloth, and change them every 4–6 hours.
2. Wash the genital area with clean water regularly and keep it dry.
3. Dispose of used pads properly (wrap and discard) or wash and dry reusable cloth in sunlight before reuse.
4. Wash hands with soap before and after changing pads.
5. Eat a nutritious, iron-rich diet, drink plenty of water, take adequate rest and maintain normal daily activities without restriction or stigma.

Four importances of prenatal and postnatal care:

1. Ensures the health and safety of the mother during and after pregnancy.
2. Promotes healthy growth and development of the foetus/newborn and reduces infant mortality.
3. Helps in early detection and treatment of complications (e.g. anaemia, high blood pressure, infections).
4. Provides guidance on nutrition, immunization and breastfeeding for mother and baby.

Explanation of any two:

• Health and safety of the mother: Regular check-ups, balanced nutrition, iron/folic-acid supplements and rest during pregnancy keep the mother healthy, while postnatal care helps her recover and prevents post-delivery complications.
• Healthy growth of the baby: Proper prenatal care ensures the foetus develops normally; postnatal care including immunization, exclusive breastfeeding and regular check-ups protects the newborn from disease and supports healthy growth.

Five roles and responsibilities of a home maker:

1. Planning and managing the family budget and resources (money, time, energy).
2. Preparing nutritious meals and ensuring the family's food and health needs are met.
3. Caring for children, the elderly and the sick members of the family.
4. Keeping the house clean, organized and hygienic.
5. Maintaining good relationships and a peaceful, supportive home environment, and guiding the social and moral development of family members.

OR – Why we adopt electric safety measures at home:

Electric safety measures are adopted to prevent electric shocks, short circuits, fires and damage to appliances, which can cause serious injury, death or loss of property. Measures such as proper earthing, using good-quality insulated wires, not touching switches with wet hands, using fuses/circuit breakers and keeping children away from sockets protect family members and ensure the safe and efficient use of electricity.

Consumer education helps minimize daily unnecessary expenditure in the following ways:

1. Wise buying decisions: It teaches buying goods according to real need rather than impulse, avoiding wasteful purchases.
2. Comparing price and quality: It enables comparison of prices, brands and quality to get value for money.
3. Avoiding advertisement traps: It makes consumers critical of misleading advertisements and unnecessary attractive offers.
4. Budgeting and planning: It promotes preparing a budget and a shopping list, controlling spending within income.
5. Awareness of rights and information: It helps in reading labels, checking weight, expiry date and price, and using consumer rights to avoid being cheated—thereby reducing wasteful expenditure.

Cleaning and caring for the home is a major aspect of home management because it directly affects the health, comfort, safety and well-being of the family. Justification with examples:

1. Health and hygiene: A clean home (regular sweeping, dusting, washing, proper waste disposal) prevents the spread of germs and diseases—for example, a clean kitchen and stored food prevent food poisoning and pest infestation.
2. Safety: Caring for the home (repairing leaks, faulty wiring, broken stairs) prevents accidents and fire hazards.
3. Comfort and beauty: A well-arranged, tidy home creates a pleasant and comfortable living environment, e.g. organized rooms and clean furniture.
4. Durability of resources: Proper care of furniture, appliances and the building increases their life and saves money.
5. Mental peace and good impression: A clean, orderly home gives mental satisfaction to members and a good impression to guests.

Thus, cleaning and caring for the home is central to achieving the goals of good home management.

Pre-preparation of clothing construction involves the steps done before actual stitching:

1. Selecting design and fabric: Choose a suitable style/design and appropriate fabric according to need, season and body type.
2. Taking body measurements: Measure the body parts (chest, waist, length, etc.) accurately.
3. Preparing the fabric: Wash/shrink and press the fabric, and check for grain line and any defects.
4. Drafting and cutting the pattern: Draft the paper pattern as per measurements, lay it on the fabric correctly and mark it.
5. Cutting the fabric: Cut the fabric carefully along the markings, leaving seam allowances, and prepare the pieces (tacking) ready for stitching.

Differences between weaving and knitting:

Applying knowledge of food and nutrition to maintain good health:

1. Eating a balanced diet: Including all nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, fibre) in the right proportion.
2. Choosing the right foods: Selecting fresh, locally available, seasonal and clean foods rich in needed nutrients.
3. Proper cooking and food handling: Cooking methods that retain nutrients and maintaining food hygiene to prevent loss and contamination.
4. Meal planning by need: Planning meals according to age, sex, activity and physiological state (e.g. children, pregnant women).
5. Avoiding over/under-nutrition: Maintaining correct quantity to avoid obesity or malnutrition, and drinking enough water.

Consequences of micro-nutrient (vitamin and mineral) deficiency:

Micronutrients are needed in small amounts but their deficiency causes serious problems:

• Iron deficiency → Anaemia (weakness, fatigue, pale skin).
• Iodine deficiency → Goitre and, in children, impaired mental and physical growth (cretinism).
• Vitamin A deficiency → Night blindness and eye problems, weak immunity.
• Vitamin D / Calcium deficiency → Rickets in children and osteomalacia/weak bones in adults.
• Vitamin C deficiency → Scurvy (bleeding gums, poor wound healing).
• Vitamin B-complex deficiency → diseases such as beri-beri, pellagra and mouth sores.

Overall, micronutrient deficiency lowers immunity, retards growth, reduces working capacity and increases vulnerability to disease. Hence applying sound nutrition knowledge helps prevent these conditions and maintain good health.

Existing situation of infant mortality in Nepal:

Infant mortality refers to the death of children before their first birthday (per 1,000 live births). Over the past decades Nepal has made notable progress and the infant mortality rate has declined substantially (now roughly in the range of about 20–30 per 1,000 live births), yet it remains higher than in developed countries, with marked differences between rural and urban areas and among poorer communities.

Causes of infant mortality in Nepal:

1. Malnutrition of mother and child.
2. Lack of proper prenatal, natal and postnatal care and unsafe deliveries (home deliveries without skilled birth attendants).
3. Infections and diseases such as pneumonia, diarrhoea and neonatal infections.
4. Poverty and illiteracy, especially of mothers.
5. Lack of immunization and clean drinking water/sanitation.
6. Early/teenage and frequent pregnancies and inadequate health facilities in remote areas.

Suggestions to reduce infant mortality:

1. Promote safe motherhood—regular antenatal check-ups, institutional/skilled delivery and postnatal care.
2. Ensure proper nutrition for mother and child and exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months.
3. Provide complete immunization of infants.
4. Improve sanitation, clean drinking water and hygiene.
5. Increase health awareness and female education, and reduce early marriage and teenage pregnancy.
6. Expand affordable, accessible health services to rural and remote areas.

Best type of clothing for a school uniform:

A school uniform should be made of fabric that is durable, comfortable, easy to wash and maintain, and suitable for the climate. Cotton or cotton-blend fabric is generally best because it is soft, absorbent, breathable, skin-friendly and affordable. It should have fast (non-fading) colour, a simple practical design that allows free movement, and be neither too tight nor too loose.

Importance of pattern in clothing construction:

1. Accurate fitting: A pattern is made to body measurements, so it ensures the garment fits well.
2. Guides cutting: It acts as a guide for laying out and cutting fabric correctly, giving the right shape and size to each piece.
3. Saves fabric, time and money: Proper pattern layout minimizes fabric wastage and avoids cutting errors.
4. Uniformity: It helps reproduce the same garment repeatedly with consistent shape and size.
5. Professional finish: It ensures proper seams, darts and shaping, giving a neat and good-looking garment.

OR – Selecting colour, design and texture of clothing material:

• Colour: Chosen according to skin complexion, age, season, occasion and personal liking; dark colours suit winter and slim the figure, light colours suit summer; colour should be fast and pleasing.
• Design: Selected to suit body shape, age and purpose—vertical lines/stripes make one look taller and slimmer, large prints suit larger figures less; design should match the occasion (formal/casual).
• Texture: Smooth, soft and fine textures suit formal and delicate wear, while rough, sturdy textures suit work/winter wear; texture is chosen for comfort, season and the effect desired (shiny textures look larger, dull textures look smaller).

Thus colour, design and texture should be selected considering the wearer's personality, body figure, age, season, occasion and budget.