NEB Class 11 Education Sports Science Question Paper 2078 Nepal

Sports science is the scientific study of how the human body functions during physical activity, exercise, and sport, applying knowledge from physiology, biomechanics, psychology, and nutrition to improve athletic performance and health.

A first-class lever (or, by some interpretations, a third-class lever) is used; in the common textbook answer for erecting/raising a pole, it is treated as a third-class lever where the effort lies between the fulcrum (base of the pole) and the load.

Providing players with a proper, scientifically designed training program along with adequate warm-up, balanced nutrition, and rest/recovery helps solve their physical problems.

According to Kretschmer, there are three (commonly four including the dysplastic) types of personality: asthenic (leptosomic), athletic, and pyknic.

Anthropometric measurements are used in sports to assess body composition and physique, and to select and match athletes to suitable sports based on their physical characteristics.

Human resource management in sports competition is the process of planning, recruiting, organizing, and managing the people (officials, volunteers, staff, and personnel) needed to conduct a sports competition effectively.

Conducting standardized skill and fitness tests (for example, timed sprints, accuracy/skill tests, or fitness test batteries) is one way to measure the sports performance of players.

Regular practice of yoga (asanas, pranayama, and meditation) reduces stress and anxiety, improves concentration, and promotes emotional balance, thereby providing psychological benefits.

The basic skills of football include kicking, passing, dribbling, trapping/receiving, heading, tackling, throw-in, and goalkeeping.

Objectives of sports science include: improving athletic performance through scientific training; preventing and managing sports injuries; promoting health and physical fitness; understanding the physiological, biomechanical, and psychological aspects of sport; guiding talent identification and athlete selection; and supporting proper nutrition and recovery for athletes.

Training load is the total amount of stress (volume and intensity of work) placed on an athlete's body during training. Its main types are: (1) Internal load and External load; commonly classified by intensity as low/light, medium/optimum, and maximum/high load; and by nature as physical (training) load and psychological load. An optimum load improves performance, while too little (under-load) gives no adaptation and too much (over-load) causes fatigue and injury.

OR (Nutrition): Nutrition is essential in sports to provide energy for performance (carbohydrates and fats), build and repair muscle tissue (proteins), maintain fluid and electrolyte balance (water and minerals), regulate body processes (vitamins and minerals), aid recovery, and maintain optimal body weight and composition. Proper nutrition improves endurance, strength, and concentration and reduces fatigue and risk of injury.

Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, body mass index, skinfold/body fat, limb lengths, girths, and somatotype) are applied in sports to assess body composition and physique, identify and select athletes suited to particular sports, monitor growth and the effects of training, design individualized training and nutrition plans, and evaluate fitness and health status.

OR (Yoga): Yoga practice improves physical fitness by enhancing flexibility, strength, balance, posture, and respiratory efficiency. Its psychological benefits include reduced stress and anxiety, improved concentration and self-confidence, better emotional control, and enhanced mental relaxation and focus, all of which support overall fitness and performance.

Athletics is a collection of sporting events involving running, jumping, throwing, and walking (track and field events). The steps (phases) of the high jump are: (1) Approach run (the curved or straight run-up to build speed and rhythm), (2) Take-off (planting the take-off foot and driving upward), (3) Flight/Bar clearance (clearing the bar, e.g., using the Fosbury flop or straddle technique), and (4) Landing (landing safely on the mat). These phases are commonly summarized as approach, take-off, flight (clearance), and landing.

Defensive strategies in football include: man-to-man marking, zonal marking, pressing/high press, offside trap, deep defending/parking the bus, and quick recovery and tackling to regain possession. Offensive strategies include: counter-attacking, possession play (tiki-taka), wing play and crossing, through passes and creating overlaps, set-piece plays (corners, free kicks), and combination passing to penetrate the opponent's defense and create scoring chances.

Kinesiology is the scientific study of human movement. It is essential for sportspersons and the field of sports because: (1) it explains how muscles, bones, and joints produce movement, helping to perfect technique; (2) it improves performance by analyzing efficient movement patterns and biomechanics; (3) it helps prevent and rehabilitate injuries by understanding correct body mechanics; (4) it guides the design of effective training programs; (5) it aids in correcting faulty movements and improving posture; and (6) it supports talent identification and skill development. Therefore, knowledge of kinesiology allows coaches and athletes to enhance performance, reduce injury risk, and train scientifically.

OR (Sports psychology): Sports psychology is the scientific study of how psychological factors affect sports performance and how participation in sport affects psychological well-being. Its main areas include: motivation, anxiety and arousal/stress management, concentration and attention, self-confidence, goal setting, mental imagery/visualization, personality and its influence on performance, group dynamics and team cohesion, leadership, and psychological skills training for both athletes and coaches.

A sample one-week (7-day) training program to increase speed and flexibility:

Each session should begin with a proper warm-up and end with a cool-down. Speed work should be done with adequate recovery between repetitions, and flexibility training should include both dynamic stretching (before activity) and static/PNF stretching (after activity). Progression in intensity and volume should be gradual over the week.