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A

Section A: Long Answer Questions

Attempt any TWO questions.

3 questions·10 marks each
1long10 marks

Define the complexity classes P and NP. Explain NP-completeness and the concept of polynomial-time reduction with the example of the Satisfiability (SAT) problem.

complexitynp-completeness
2long10 marks

Minimize the given DFA using the partitioning (table-filling) method and explain each step of the minimization algorithm with a suitable example.

dfa-minimizationfinite-automata
3long10 marks

State and prove the Pumping Lemma for context-free languages. Use it to show that L = { a^i b^j c^k | i = j = k } is not context-free.

pumping-lemmacontext-free-languages
B

Section B: Short Answer Questions

Attempt any EIGHT questions.

9 questions·5 marks each
4short5 marks

Construct a DFA that accepts all binary strings ending with '00'.

dfa
5short5 marks

Explain epsilon-closure with a suitable example.

epsilon-nfa
6short5 marks

Write a regular expression for strings over {0,1} that contain at least one '0' and at least one '1'.

regular-expression
7short5 marks

State Arden's theorem and explain its use in obtaining a regular expression from a finite automaton.

arden-theoremregular-expression
8short5 marks

What is an ambiguous grammar? Show with an example that a grammar is ambiguous.

ambiguitycfg
9short5 marks

Eliminate left recursion from the grammar A -> Aa | b.

cfgleft-recursion
10short5 marks

Explain the conversion of a CFG into Greibach Normal Form (GNF).

greibach-normal-formcfg
11short5 marks

Define instantaneous description (ID) of a PDA and explain acceptance by final state and by empty stack.

pda
12short5 marks

Explain the working of a multi-tape Turing Machine.

turing-machine