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A

Section A: Long Answer Questions

Attempt any TWO questions.

3 questions·10 marks each
1long10 marks

Define a transaction and explain its ACID properties. Discuss the various states of a transaction with a state diagram.

transactionacid
2long10 marks

Explain concurrency control. Describe the timestamp-based protocol and the two-phase locking (2PL) protocol for concurrency control.

concurrency-controllocking
3long10 marks

What is relational algebra? Explain the fundamental operations of relational algebra (selection, projection, union, set difference, Cartesian product, and join) with examples.

relational-algebraquery
B

Section B: Short Answer Questions

Attempt any EIGHT questions.

9 questions·5 marks each
4short5 marks

What is a trigger? Explain with an example.

sqltrigger
5short5 marks

Differentiate between relational algebra and relational calculus.

relational-algebrarelational-calculus
6short5 marks

Explain lossless join and dependency-preserving decomposition.

normalizationdecomposition
7short5 marks

What is a deadlock in a database? How is it handled?

concurrency-controldeadlock
8short5 marks

Define schedule. Differentiate between serial and serializable schedules.

transactionserializability
9short5 marks

Explain the concept of a stored procedure.

sqlprocedure
10short5 marks

What is data redundancy? How does normalization reduce it?

normalization
11short5 marks

Explain the multivalued dependency and 4NF in brief.

normalization4nf
12short5 marks

What is a join? Explain inner join and outer join.

sqljoin