BSc CSIT (TU) Science Web Technology (BSc CSIT, CSC318) Question Paper 2079 Nepal

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Question

1long10 marks

Explain the HTTP protocol. Describe the structure of an HTTP request and HTTP response message with the common HTTP methods and status codes.

http

Answer 1

HTTP Protocol

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is an application-layer, request–response protocol used by the World Wide Web to transfer hypertext documents and other resources between a client (browser) and a web server. It runs on top of TCP (default port 80, or 443 for HTTPS) and is stateless — each request is independent and the server keeps no memory of previous requests (state is added via cookies/sessions).

Structure of an HTTP Request

An HTTP request has four parts:

Request line — METHOD Request-URI HTTP-Version
Header fields — name: value pairs giving metadata
Blank line — separates headers from body
Message body (optional) — data sent to the server (e.g. form data)

GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0
Accept: text/html
Connection: keep-alive

Structure of an HTTP Response

Status line — HTTP-Version Status-Code Reason-Phrase
Header fields — metadata about the response
Blank line
Message body — the requested resource (HTML, image, JSON, etc.)

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Mon, 01 Jan 2024 12:00:00 GMT
Server: Apache/2.4
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 1024

<html>...</html>

Common HTTP Methods

Method	Purpose
GET	Retrieve a resource; parameters appended to URL; safe & idempotent
POST	Submit data to the server (create); body carries data
PUT	Create or fully replace a resource; idempotent
DELETE	Remove a resource
HEAD	Like GET but returns only headers, no body
PATCH	Partially update a resource
OPTIONS	Query the methods supported by a resource

Common Status Codes

Class	Code	Meaning
1xx Informational	100	Continue
2xx Success	200 OK, 201 Created, 204 No Content
3xx Redirection	301 Moved Permanently, 302 Found, 304 Not Modified
4xx Client Error	400 Bad Request, 401 Unauthorized, 403 Forbidden, 404 Not Found
5xx Server Error	500 Internal Server Error, 502 Bad Gateway, 503 Service Unavailable

Answer 2

DTD vs XSD

Both DTD (Document Type Definition) and XSD (XML Schema Definition) define the structure, content and legal elements of an XML document, but XSD is more powerful and modern.

Feature	DTD	XSD
Syntax	Non-XML (its own syntax)	Written in XML itself
Data types	No built-in data types (everything is text)	Rich built-in types (`string`, `int`, `date`, `decimal`, …) and user-defined types
Namespaces	Not supported	Fully supports namespaces
Cardinality	Limited (`?`, `*`, `+`)	Precise control with `minOccurs` / `maxOccurs`
Extensibility	Not extensible	Supports inheritance, restriction, extension
Parsing	Needs a separate DTD parser	Parsed as normal XML

Conclusion: XSD supersedes DTD because it is namespace-aware, data-type-aware and itself well-formed XML.

XSD Schema for a List of Books

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">

  <xs:element name="bookstore">
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:sequence>
        <xs:element name="book" maxOccurs="unbounded">
          <xs:complexType>
            <xs:sequence>
              <xs:element name="title"  type="xs:string"/>
              <xs:element name="author" type="xs:string"/>
              <xs:element name="year"   type="xs:gYear"/>
              <xs:element name="price"  type="xs:decimal"/>
            </xs:sequence>
            <xs:attribute name="isbn" type="xs:string" use="required"/>
          </xs:complexType>
        </xs:element>
      </xs:sequence>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>

</xs:schema>

A valid XML instance:

<bookstore>
  <book isbn="978-1">
    <title>Web Technology</title>
    <author>R. Sharma</author>
    <year>2021</year>
    <price>450.00</price>
  </book>
</bookstore>

Answer 3

Cookies and Sessions in PHP

Cookies are small text files (key–value pairs) that the server asks the browser to store on the client machine. They are sent back with every subsequent request to the same domain, letting the server remember the client. In PHP a cookie is set with setcookie() and read from the $_COOKIE superglobal. They have limited size (~4 KB), can be tampered with, and can be disabled by the user.

Sessions store user data on the server; only a small session ID is kept on the client (usually as a cookie named PHPSESSID). Sessions are more secure for sensitive data (login state), are larger in capacity, and are accessed through the $_SESSION superglobal after calling session_start().

Aspect	Cookie	Session
Stored on	Client (browser)	Server
Security	Less secure	More secure
Capacity	~4 KB	Server limited (large)
Lifetime	Until expiry set	Until browser closes / timeout

PHP Script Using Sessions to Manage Login State

login.php

<?php
session_start();
if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'POST') {
    $user = $_POST['username'];
    $pass = $_POST['password'];
    // (In practice, verify against a database with hashed passwords)
    if ($user === 'admin' && $pass === '1234') {
        $_SESSION['loggedin'] = true;
        $_SESSION['username'] = $user;
        header('Location: welcome.php');
        exit;
    } else {
        echo 'Invalid credentials';
    }
}
?>
<form method="post" action="login.php">
  Username: <input type="text" name="username"><br>
  Password: <input type="password" name="password"><br>
  <input type="submit" value="Login">
</form>

welcome.php

<?php
session_start();
if (!isset($_SESSION['loggedin']) || $_SESSION['loggedin'] !== true) {
    header('Location: login.php');
    exit;
}
echo 'Welcome, ' . htmlspecialchars($_SESSION['username']);
echo '<br><a href="logout.php">Logout</a>';
?>

logout.php

<?php
session_start();
session_unset();      // remove all session variables
session_destroy();    // destroy the session
header('Location: login.php');
?>

Answer 4

Structure of a URL

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address that uniquely identifies a resource on the web. Its general form is:

scheme://host:port/path?query#fragment

Example: https://www.example.com:443/products/item?id=10#reviews

scheme — protocol used (http, https, ftp)
host — domain name or IP of the server (www.example.com)
port — TCP port (default 80 for HTTP, 443 for HTTPS)
path — location of the resource on the server (/products/item)
query string — parameters after ? (id=10)
fragment — anchor within the page after # (reviews)

Role of DNS

The Domain Name System (DNS) is the distributed "phonebook" of the Internet that resolves human-readable domain names into machine IP addresses. When a user enters a URL:

The browser checks its cache, then asks a DNS resolver (usually the ISP).
The resolver queries the root server, then the TLD server (e.g. .com), then the authoritative name server for the domain.
The authoritative server returns the IP address (e.g. 93.184.216.34).
The browser then opens a TCP connection to that IP and sends the HTTP request.

Thus DNS lets users use easy names instead of remembering numeric IP addresses.

Answer 5

GET vs POST

Both GET and POST are HTTP methods used to submit HTML form data, set via the method attribute of <form>.

Feature	GET	POST
Data location	Appended to URL as a query string (`?name=value`)	Sent in the HTTP request body
Visibility	Visible in the address bar / browser history	Not visible in the URL
Data size	Limited (URL length ~2048 chars)	Practically unlimited
Bookmark/Cache	Can be bookmarked and cached	Cannot be bookmarked or cached
Security	Less secure (data exposed)	More secure (data hidden, but still needs HTTPS)
Idempotency	Safe & idempotent (only retrieves data)	Not idempotent (may change server state)
Typical use	Search queries, fetching data	Login forms, file uploads, submitting sensitive data

Summary: Use GET when retrieving data that can be bookmarked and is non-sensitive; use POST when sending large or sensitive data or modifying server state.

Answer 6

AJAX

AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript And XML) is a web development technique that allows a web page to send and receive data from a server asynchronously, in the background, without reloading the whole page. It is not a single technology but a combination of HTML/CSS, the DOM, JavaScript, and the XMLHttpRequest object (or the modern fetch() API), with data usually exchanged as JSON or XML.

How AJAX Enables Asynchronous Communication

An event occurs in the browser (e.g. a button click).
JavaScript creates an XMLHttpRequest (or fetch) object and sends an HTTP request to the server in the background.
Because the call is asynchronous, the browser does not freeze — the user can keep interacting with the page while waiting.
The server processes the request and returns only the needed data (often JSON), not a whole new page.
A callback function fires when the response arrives, and JavaScript uses the DOM to update only the relevant part of the page.

const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open('GET', 'data.php', true);   // true = asynchronous
xhr.onreadystatechange = function () {
  if (xhr.readyState === 4 && xhr.status === 200) {
    document.getElementById('result').innerHTML = xhr.responseText;
  }
};
xhr.send();

Benefits: faster, more responsive UIs, reduced bandwidth and server load, and a smoother user experience (e.g. live search, auto-complete, form validation).

Answer 7

Role of a Web Server

A web server is software (and the host machine) that stores website files and listens for HTTP/HTTPS requests from clients (browsers), then processes and responds with the requested resources (HTML pages, images, files) or with output generated by server-side programs. Examples: Apache, Nginx, IIS.

Key roles:

Accept and parse incoming HTTP requests.
Locate or generate the requested resource.
Execute server-side scripts (PHP, Python, etc.) for dynamic content.
Return an HTTP response with appropriate status code and content.
Handle security (HTTPS), logging, and concurrent connections.

Static vs Dynamic Web Pages

Feature	Static Web Page	Dynamic Web Page
Content	Fixed, same for every user	Generated on the fly, can differ per user/request
Technology	HTML, CSS only	Server-side scripting (PHP, ASP, JSP) + database
Server processing	None — file is served as-is	Server runs code to build the page
Update	Must edit the file manually	Updates automatically from data/database
Speed	Faster to serve	Slower (processing overhead)
Example	A company "About Us" page	A logged-in dashboard, search results

Answer 8

JSON

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight, text-based, language-independent data-interchange format. It represents data as key–value pairs (objects {}) and ordered lists (arrays []), and is easy for humans to read and for machines to parse. It is the most common format for web APIs.

{
  "name": "Ram",
  "age": 21,
  "courses": ["Web", "DBMS"],
  "active": true
}

JSON vs XML

Feature	JSON	XML
Syntax	Key–value pairs, braces/brackets	Nested tags (`<tag>...</tag>`)
Verbosity	Compact, less text	Verbose (opening + closing tags)
Data types	Native: string, number, boolean, array, null	Everything is text
Parsing	Fast; native in JavaScript (`JSON.parse`)	Needs a DOM/XML parser
Arrays	Built-in support	No native array concept
Attributes/Namespaces	Not supported	Supported
Readability	High	Moderate

Summary: JSON is lighter, faster and ideal for web APIs and JavaScript; XML is more verbose but richer (attributes, namespaces, schema/validation) and suited to document-centric data.

Answer 9

Cookies

A cookie is a small piece of data (a name–value pair) that a web server sends to the browser, which the browser stores on the client machine and sends back with every subsequent request to the same domain. Cookies let an otherwise stateless HTTP connection "remember" the user — for sessions, preferences, shopping carts, and tracking. They are limited to about 4 KB and have attributes like expires, path, domain, Secure and HttpOnly.

Creating and Reading Cookies

Creating (PHP) — must be set before any HTML output:

<?php
// setcookie(name, value, expiry, path)
setcookie('username', 'Ram', time() + 3600, '/'); // expires in 1 hour
?>

Reading (PHP) — available on the next request via $_COOKIE:

<?php
if (isset($_COOKIE['username'])) {
    echo 'Welcome back, ' . htmlspecialchars($_COOKIE['username']);
}
?>

Creating / reading in JavaScript:

document.cookie = "username=Ram; max-age=3600; path=/";  // create
console.log(document.cookie);                            // read

When the cookie is set, the server sends a Set-Cookie response header; the browser then automatically includes a Cookie request header on later requests to that site.

Answer 10

Internet vs World Wide Web

Feature	Internet	World Wide Web (WWW)
Definition	A global network of interconnected computers	A service running on the Internet — a system of linked hypertext documents
Nature	Hardware + infrastructure (cables, routers, IPs)	Software/information layer (web pages, websites)
Protocols	TCP/IP, and many others (FTP, SMTP, HTTP)	Mainly HTTP/HTTPS
Scope	Broader — supports email, FTP, streaming, the Web	A subset — just web resources accessed via browsers
Invented	1960s–70s (ARPANET)	1989–91 by Tim Berners-Lee

In short: the Internet is the infrastructure; the Web is one application that runs over it.

Client–Server Architecture of the Web

The web follows a client–server model:

The client (a web browser) sends an HTTP request for a resource (URL).
The server (web server) receives the request, processes it (possibly running server-side scripts and querying a database), and returns an HTTP response containing the resource.
The connection is stateless — each request is independent — and communication uses the request–response cycle over TCP/IP.

[Browser/Client] --- HTTP Request ---> [Web Server]
[Browser/Client] <-- HTTP Response --- [Web Server]

Many clients can simultaneously connect to one server, which centralizes resources and processing.

Answer 11

HTML Tables

HTML tables display data in rows and columns using these tags:

<table> — the table container
<tr> — a table row
<th> — a header cell (bold, centred)
<td> — a data cell
<caption> — table title; <thead>, <tbody>, <tfoot> group sections
Attributes: colspan, rowspan, border

<table border="1">
  <caption>Student Marks</caption>
  <tr><th>Name</th><th>Marks</th></tr>
  <tr><td>Ram</td><td>85</td></tr>
  <tr><td>Sita</td><td>90</td></tr>
</table>

HTML Forms

A form collects user input and submits it to a server. It is defined with <form action="url" method="get|post"> and contains form controls.

Common Form Elements

<form action="submit.php" method="post">
  Name:    <input type="text" name="name"><br>
  Password:<input type="password" name="pwd"><br>
  Gender:  <input type="radio" name="g" value="M"> Male
           <input type="radio" name="g" value="F"> Female<br>
  Hobbies: <input type="checkbox" name="h" value="music"> Music<br>
  Country: <select name="country">
             <option>Nepal</option><option>India</option>
           </select><br>
  About:   <textarea name="about"></textarea><br>
  <input type="submit" value="Send">
  <input type="reset"  value="Clear">
</form>

Element	Purpose
`<input type="text">`	Single-line text
`<input type="password">`	Masked text
`<input type="radio">`	Choose one option
`<input type="checkbox">`	Choose multiple options
`<select>/<option>`	Drop-down list
`<textarea>`	Multi-line text
`<input type="submit">`	Submit the form

Answer 12

CSS Selectors

A CSS selector is a pattern used to target HTML elements so that styles can be applied to them. The main types are:

1. Universal Selector (`*`)

Selects all elements.

* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }

2. Element (Type) Selector

Selects all elements of a given tag.

p { color: blue; }

3. Class Selector (`.`)

Selects all elements with a given class attribute.

.note { background: yellow; }   /* <p class="note"> */

4. ID Selector (`#`)

Selects the single element with a given id (must be unique).

#header { height: 80px; }       /* <div id="header"> */

5. Group Selector (`,`)

Applies the same style to several selectors.

h1, h2, p { font-family: Arial; }

6. Descendant Selector (space)

Selects elements nested inside another element.

div p { color: green; }   /* every <p> inside a <div> */

7. Child Selector (`>`)

Selects direct children only.

ul > li { list-style: square; }

8. Attribute Selector

Selects elements by attribute/value.

input[type="text"] { border: 1px solid gray; }

9. Pseudo-class Selector

Selects elements in a special state.

a:hover { color: red; }

Specificity order (low → high): element < class/attribute/pseudo-class < ID < inline style.

BSc CSIT (TU) Science Web Technology (BSc CSIT, CSC318) Question Paper 2079 Nepal

Section A: Long Answer Questions

HTTP Protocol

Structure of an HTTP Request

Structure of an HTTP Response

Common HTTP Methods

Common Status Codes

DTD vs XSD

XSD Schema for a List of Books

Cookies and Sessions in PHP

PHP Script Using Sessions to Manage Login State

Section B: Short Answer Questions

Structure of a URL

Role of DNS

GET vs POST

AJAX

How AJAX Enables Asynchronous Communication

Role of a Web Server

Static vs Dynamic Web Pages

JSON

JSON vs XML

Cookies

Creating and Reading Cookies

Internet vs World Wide Web

Client–Server Architecture of the Web

HTML Tables

HTML Forms

Common Form Elements

CSS Selectors

1. Universal Selector (`*`)

2. Element (Type) Selector

3. Class Selector (`.`)

4. ID Selector (`#`)

5. Group Selector (`,`)

6. Descendant Selector (space)

7. Child Selector (`>`)

8. Attribute Selector

9. Pseudo-class Selector

Frequently asked questions

Section A: Long Answer Questions

HTTP Protocol

Structure of an HTTP Request

Structure of an HTTP Response

Common HTTP Methods

Common Status Codes

DTD vs XSD

XSD Schema for a List of Books

Cookies and Sessions in PHP

PHP Script Using Sessions to Manage Login State

Section B: Short Answer Questions

Structure of a URL

Role of DNS

GET vs POST

AJAX

How AJAX Enables Asynchronous Communication

Role of a Web Server

Static vs Dynamic Web Pages

JSON

JSON vs XML

Cookies

Creating and Reading Cookies

Internet vs World Wide Web

Client–Server Architecture of the Web

HTML Tables

HTML Forms

Common Form Elements

CSS Selectors

1. Universal Selector (*)

2. Element (Type) Selector

3. Class Selector (.)

4. ID Selector (#)

5. Group Selector (,)

6. Descendant Selector (space)

7. Child Selector (>)

8. Attribute Selector

9. Pseudo-class Selector

Frequently asked questions

1. Universal Selector (`*`)

3. Class Selector (`.`)

4. ID Selector (`#`)

5. Group Selector (`,`)

7. Child Selector (`>`)