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A

Section A: Long Answer Questions

Attempt all / any as specified.

4 questions
1long12 marks

(a) Differentiate between hardwired control unit and microprogrammed control unit on the basis of speed, flexibility, implementation cost and ease of modification. [6]

(b) Design a hardwired control unit for a simple processor. Draw the block diagram showing the instruction register, sequence counter, instruction decoder and control logic gates, and explain how the control signals are generated for a fetch cycle. [6]

control-unitmicroprogrammed-control
2long12 marks

(a) Explain the principle of locality of reference and how the memory hierarchy exploits it to bridge the speed gap between the CPU and main memory. [4]

(b) A computer has a 256 KB main memory and a 2 KB cache with a block size of 16 bytes. Show the address format (number of tag, line/set and word bits) for (i) direct mapping and (ii) 4-way set-associative mapping. [8]

cache-memorymemory-hierarchy
3long12 marks

(a) What is instruction pipelining? Describe the different segments of a four-stage instruction pipeline (FI, DA, FO, EX) with the help of a space-time diagram. [6]

(b) Define pipeline hazards. Explain data hazards and control hazards, and discuss any two techniques used to handle the control hazard caused by branch instructions. [6]

pipelininginstruction-pipeline
4long12 marks

(a) Draw the hardware block diagram for Booth's multiplication algorithm and explain its operation. [6]

(b) Multiply the signed numbers (-5) and (+3) using Booth's algorithm, showing the contents of the registers (A, Q, Q₋₁) at each step. [6]

alu-organizationarithmetic-algorithms
B

Section B: Short Answer Questions

Attempt all / any as specified.

8 questions
5short6 marks

Explain the following addressing modes with a suitable example of each, and state one practical use of each: (a) immediate, (b) register indirect, (c) indexed, (d) relative addressing mode.

addressing-modes
6short6 marks

Differentiate between RISC and CISC architectures with respect to instruction format, addressing modes, execution and the use of registers. Give one example processor of each type.

instruction-set-architecture
7short6 marks

What is an interrupt-driven I/O? With the help of a flowchart, explain how the CPU handles an interrupt request issued by an I/O device, and compare it with programmed I/O in terms of CPU utilization.

io-organizationinterrupt
8short6 marks

Explain the working of Direct Memory Access (DMA) with a block diagram. Describe the cycle-stealing and burst transfer modes of DMA operation.

io-organizationdma
9short6 marks

State and explain Flynn's classification of parallel computer architectures (SISD, SIMD, MISD, MIMD) with a representative example or application of each category.

parallel-processingflynn-taxonomy
10short6 marks

(a) List the major registers of a basic computer CPU and state the function of the Program Counter (PC), Memory Address Register (MAR) and Instruction Register (IR). [3]

(b) Write the register transfer microoperations for the fetch phase of an instruction. [3]

cpu-organizationregister-transfer
11short6 marks

A processor has a cache with a hit ratio of 0.92. The cache access time is 10 ns and the main memory access time is 100 ns. (a) Compute the average memory access time. [3] (b) Explain the write-through and write-back cache write policies and state one advantage of each. [3]

cache-memorycache-performance
12short6 marks

Write short notes on any two of the following: (a) Vector processing and array processors, (b) Hypercube interconnection network, (c) Amdahl's law and its significance in parallel computing.

parallel-processinginterconnection-network