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LevelAP Psychology
SubjectAP Psychology
Year2025 BS
Exam sessionModel questions
Full marks100
Time allowed120 minutes
Questions10, all with step-by-step solutions
A

Multiple Choice

Select the best answer.

10 questions·1 mark each
1Multiple choice1 mark

A patient with damage to Broca's area (left frontal lobe) would most likely exhibit which of the following symptoms?

  • a

    Inability to understand spoken language

  • b

    Difficulty producing fluent speech while retaining the ability to comprehend language, often speaking in short, effortful phrases with intact meaning

  • c

    Complete loss of all motor function

  • d

    Impaired visual processing

Correct answer: b

Difficulty producing fluent speech while retaining the ability to comprehend language, often speaking in short, effortful phrases with intact meaning

Broca's area is primarily responsible for speech production. Damage causes Broca's aphasia: patients understand what is said but struggle to produce fluent speech. Their output is typically telegraphic but meaningful. This contrasts with Wernicke's aphasia, in which speech is fluent but nonsensical.

biological-bases
2Multiple choice1 mark

The Gestalt principle of closure refers to the perceptual tendency to:

  • a

    Group objects that are near each other

  • b

    Perceive incomplete figures as complete wholes by mentally filling in missing information, reflecting the brain's preference for organized, meaningful patterns

  • c

    Perceive objects that move together as belonging to the same group

  • d

    See similar objects as part of the same group

Correct answer: b

Perceive incomplete figures as complete wholes by mentally filling in missing information, reflecting the brain's preference for organized, meaningful patterns

Closure describes how our visual system automatically fills in gaps to perceive complete shapes. This illustrates that the brain actively constructs meaningful patterns from incomplete sensory data rather than passively recording what is presented.

sensation-perception
3Multiple choice1 mark

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, after repeatedly pairing a bell with food, the bell alone eventually elicited salivation. If the bell is then presented repeatedly without food, the salivation response gradually diminishes. This process is called:

  • a

    Spontaneous recovery

  • b

    Stimulus generalization

  • c

    Extinction

  • d

    Higher-order conditioning

Correct answer: c

Extinction

Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, causing the conditioned response to weaken. Importantly, extinction suppresses rather than erases the association, as demonstrated by spontaneous recovery—the reappearance of the response after a rest period.

learning
4Multiple choice1 mark

The misinformation effect, demonstrated in Elizabeth Loftus's research, occurs when:

  • a

    People deliberately lie about what they witnessed

  • b

    Post-event information (such as leading questions or misleading details) alters a person's memory of the original event, demonstrating that memory is reconstructive rather than a faithful recording

  • c

    People have perfect recall of traumatic events

  • d

    Short-term memory is limited to approximately seven items

Correct answer: b

Post-event information (such as leading questions or misleading details) alters a person's memory of the original event, demonstrating that memory is reconstructive rather than a faithful recording

Loftus showed that participants asked about cars "smashing" estimated higher speeds and were more likely to "remember" broken glass (which was not present) than those asked about cars "hitting." This has profound implications for eyewitness testimony reliability.

cognition
5Multiple choice1 mark

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child who understands that pouring water from a short, wide glass into a tall, narrow glass does not change the amount of water has achieved:

  • a

    Object permanence

  • b

    Conservation, a hallmark of the concrete operational stage (approximately ages 7-11), indicating the ability to understand that certain properties remain the same despite changes in appearance

  • c

    Formal operational thinking

  • d

    Egocentrism

Correct answer: b

Conservation, a hallmark of the concrete operational stage (approximately ages 7-11), indicating the ability to understand that certain properties remain the same despite changes in appearance

Conservation is a key achievement of the concrete operational stage. Before this stage, children are deceived by perceptual appearances: they believe the taller glass contains more water. Achieving conservation requires mentally reversing operations and considering multiple dimensions simultaneously.

developmental
6Multiple choice1 mark

According to the DSM-5, Major Depressive Disorder requires five or more symptoms during the same two-week period, with at least one being depressed mood or anhedonia. Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic criterion for MDD?

  • a

    Significant weight loss or gain, or change in appetite

  • b

    Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day

  • c

    Auditory hallucinations commanding the person to perform specific actions

  • d

    Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day

Correct answer: c

Auditory hallucinations commanding the person to perform specific actions

Command auditory hallucinations are characteristic of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, not Major Depressive Disorder. MDD criteria include depressed mood, anhedonia, appetite changes, sleep disturbances, psychomotor changes, fatigue, worthlessness, concentration difficulties, and suicidal ideation.

abnormal-psychology
7Multiple choice1 mark

Solomon Asch's conformity experiments (1951) demonstrated that participants would give obviously incorrect answers about line lengths when confederates unanimously gave wrong answers. This finding is best explained by:

  • a

    The participants' inability to perceive the lines correctly

  • b

    Normative social influence—the desire to be accepted by the group led participants to conform publicly even when they privately knew the correct answer, illustrating the power of social pressure

  • c

    The participants' lack of intelligence

  • d

    Obedience to authority figures

Correct answer: b

Normative social influence—the desire to be accepted by the group led participants to conform publicly even when they privately knew the correct answer, illustrating the power of social pressure

Approximately 75% of participants conformed at least once. Post-experiment interviews revealed that most knew the correct answer but went along with the group to avoid social rejection (normative influence), highlighting the remarkable power of group pressure even in unambiguous situations.

social-psychology
8Multiple choice1 mark

The hippocampus plays a critical role in which of the following cognitive processes?

  • a

    Regulating the sleep-wake cycle

  • b

    The formation and consolidation of new explicit (declarative) memories, as demonstrated by the case of patient H.M., who could not form new long-term memories after bilateral hippocampal removal

  • c

    Processing visual information from the retina

  • d

    Controlling voluntary motor movements

Correct answer: b

The formation and consolidation of new explicit (declarative) memories, as demonstrated by the case of patient H.M., who could not form new long-term memories after bilateral hippocampal removal

Henry Molaison (H.M.) could not form new episodic or semantic memories after surgery but retained procedural memory and pre-surgical memories, demonstrating that the hippocampus is critical for new memory formation but not for storage of already-consolidated memories.

biological-basescognition
9Multiple choice1 mark

Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory proposes that adolescents (ages 12-18) face which primary developmental crisis?

  • a

    Trust vs. Mistrust

  • b

    Identity vs. Role Confusion, in which the central task is to develop a coherent sense of self, including personal values, beliefs, and goals, through exploration of different roles and ideologies

  • c

    Generativity vs. Stagnation

  • d

    Industry vs. Inferiority

Correct answer: b

Identity vs. Role Confusion, in which the central task is to develop a coherent sense of self, including personal values, beliefs, and goals, through exploration of different roles and ideologies

Erikson proposed that adolescents must integrate childhood experiences, biological changes, and social expectations into a coherent identity. Successful resolution produces a stable sense of self; failure results in role confusion. The identity formed during adolescence shapes all subsequent psychosocial development.

developmentalsocial-psychology
10Multiple choice1 mark

In operant conditioning, a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule (such as slot machines) produces which pattern of behavior?

  • a

    Slow, steady responding with predictable pauses

  • b

    High, steady rates of responding that are highly resistant to extinction, because the unpredictability of reinforcement maintains motivation and prevents the organism from detecting when reinforcement has stopped

  • c

    Responding only immediately after reinforcement is delivered

  • d

    A rapid decline in responding after the first reinforcement

Correct answer: b

High, steady rates of responding that are highly resistant to extinction, because the unpredictability of reinforcement maintains motivation and prevents the organism from detecting when reinforcement has stopped

Variable-ratio schedules produce the highest and most consistent response rates of all reinforcement schedules and make behavior extremely resistant to extinction. The organism can never be sure the next response won't be reinforced. This is why gambling can be so addictive.

learningcognition

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